Acute and chronic immobilization stress; morphometric study of Purkinje cells of vermal cerebellar cortex of young male rats

To compare the morphological changes induced by acute and chronic immobilization in vermal cerebellar cortex of young male sprague dawley rats with special reference to Purkinje cells. It was experimental. Department of Anatomy CPSP Reional Centre, Islamabad. Jan 2010 to Dec 2010. A total of 120 young male Sprague Dawley rats were taken and divided equally in two groups [n =60 in each]. Both these groups were divided further into two subgroups [n=30 in each] control acute [CA], immobilized acute [IA], control chronic [CC] and immobilized chronic [IC]. Immobilized acute group IA was kept in restrainer for 24 hours continuously while Immobilized chronic' group 1C was kept in restrainer for 2 hours daily for fourteen days, one rat per restrainer separately Sections stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin were studied under light microscope for observations and data was recorded. Results of experimental acute group were compared with those of experimental chronic'. SSPS version 10 was used for data analysis. Changes in the shape and size of the soma and nucleus of the Purkinje cells were noted. The cells were looking like dried raisins in both experimental groups but these changes were more marked in acute experimental group as compared to controls. The size of the soma and nucleus of the Purkinje cells was reduced in both acute and chronic immobilized stressed groups' however; this reduction in the size of the soma and nucleus of the Purkinje cells was more pronounced in acute stressed group as compared to animals exposed to chronic stress. Total cell count and cell size was significantly decreased in both experimental groups as compared to their controls; however, it was more pronounced in acute stressed group as compared to animals exposed to chronic stress. Immobilization stress may act as a factor causing an imbalance in the metabolic activity of the neurons which can result in neuronal injury The Purkinje neurons were affected more under the effect of acute stress as compared to chronic. The lesser effect in chronic stress is probably due to role of the phenomena of adaptation

Acute and chronic immobilization stress; Effects on cerebellar cortex of young male sprague dawley rats

The purpose of this article is to compare the morphological changes induced by acute immobilization with those produced by chronic immobilization, in vermal cerebellar cortex of young male sprague dawley rats. Experimental study. Department of Anatomy CPSP Regional Centre, lslamabad. 2005 to 2007. A total of 120 young male Sprague Dawley rats were taken and divided equally in two groups for acute and chronic immobilization stress. Both these groups were divided further into two subgroups [n=30 in each] control acute, experimental acute, control chronic and experimental chronic. 'Experimental acute' group lb was kept in restrainer for 24 hours continuously while 'experimental chronic' group llb was kept in restrainer for 2 hours daily for fourteen days, one rat per restrainer separately. Hematoxylin and Eosin stained sections were studied under light microscope to record the data. Results of experimental acute group were compared with those of experimental chronic'. Data was analyzed by SSPS version 10. lnsignificant increase in thickness of vermal cerebellar cortex and molecular layer was found in both acute and chronicaliy stressed rats; but comparatively more in group lb, however minimal non significant change in granular layer was seen in both experimental groups. lmmobilization stress can cause the neuronal injury. Acute stress tends to produce more severe effects on brain cortical tissue as compared with chronic stress. The reason for occurrence of Iess severe effects under chronic stress is probably due to role of the phenomena of adaptation.

Prevalence of hypomagnesaemia in patients with acute myocardial infarction compared with normal subjects

Background: Magnesium, the second most abundant intracellular cation has several clinically important roles in the human ++ body. In addition to energy production and maintenance of electrolyte balance, Magnesium [Mg] is essential for normal ++ neuromuscular functions, excitation contraction coupling, maintenance of vascular tone, blood coagulation, as well as Ca and +++ K transport across the plasma membrane. Mg has also important role to play in cardiovascular homeostasis

Objectives: To ++ find out serum Mg levels in Acute Myocardial Infarction [AMI] patients at presentation to emergency departments and its comparison with normal subjects

Patients and Methods: This was a comparative study, conducted at Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore from June to December 2000. A total of 125 subjects were enrolled for this study, with 88 patients having their first episode of AMI. These patients were divided into three groups A, B and C depending on age. 37 normal subjects were taken as comparative group

Results: There was hypomagnesemia [p< 0.001] in all the sub groups. Our results show that hypomagnesemia is present in all groups and as it is an important risk factor for post AMI complications. The corrective dose should not be empirical but be based on individual patient requirements, as mortality rate due to AMI and its complications is high

Conclusion: Hypomagnesemia was observed in all the sub groups A, B and C. Therefore, it is suggested that serum Magnesium ++ should be estimated in each case of AMI patient and emphasis given to Mg supplementation when needed

Variations in the formation pattern of median nerve

Knowledge of variations of peripheral nerves is very important for the Anatomists, Anesthesiologists, and clinicians especially to the surgeons, during their daily practice. To provide additional information about variation in the formation of median nerve on both sides, and to avoid injury to the nerve during surgical procedures of axillary region by using this knowledge. Brachial plexuses from 40 upper limbs of 20 cadavers [18 Males and 2 Females] ranging from [45-70 years old] were dissected and examined at the department of Anatomy, Nishtar Medical College, Multan. Variations of brachial plexus of both upper limbs were observed. We have found median nerve on both sides to be formed by one, or two additional roots from lateral cord or one additional root from medial cord, joining with usual roots in 15% cases. In one limb lateral cord was not formed but additional roots got origin directly from the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks, which joined with each other and to the medial root of the medial cord to form the lateral and medial roots of the median nerve respectively. The additional lateral or medial roots crossed third part of axillary artery very closely. Bilateral variation was found in four limbs [10%] while unilateral variation was in 2 [5%] limbs. The main trunk of the median nerve was formed in front of brachial artery in 5[12.5%] limbs. Knowledge of variation is very important during surgical exploration of axilla and arm region and during nerve block. The close course of unusual additional root of the median nerve with axillary artery may lessen the blood supply of upper extremity by compressing the vessel

Effect of chronic immobilization stress on vermal cerebellar cortex of young male rats

The objective of this study was to observe the morphological changes in vermal cerebellar cortex of young male rats with special reference to Purkinje cell after exposure to chronic immobilization stress. An experimental study. Department of Anatomy CPSP Regional Centre, Islamabad, from August 2006 to July 2007. Sixty young male Sprague Dawley rats were taken and divided equally in two groups [n=30 in each]. Group A=control. Group B=experimental. 'Experimental' group was kept in restrainer for 2 hours continuously, for 14 days, one rat per restrainer separately. At the end of the experiment, all the animals of both groups A and B were anesthetized and sacrificed for the removal of cerebellum. It was fixed in 10% formalin. To record data for histological evaluation, the vermal cerebellar cortex of a specified area was selected. It was processed and 5 um-thick sections were cut. Hematoxylin and Eosin stained sections were examined under light microscope. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 10. Significant decrease in total cell count and cell size was found in experimental group as compared with controls. Number of dark cells was found more in stressed animals. Increase in thickness of vernal cerebellar cortex and molecular layer was observed in stressed animals as compared with controls. Chronic immobilization stress can affect the outcome of the cerebellar functions causing damage to the Purkinje cells as a result of cellular metabolic changes by an imbalance between the oxidant and anti oxidant status inside the brain

Effects of acute immobilization stress on vermal cerebellar cortex of young male rats

To observe the morphological changes in vermal cerebellar cortex of young male rats with special reference to Purkinje cell alter exposure to acute immobilization stress. The study design was experimental, conducted at the Department of Anatomy CPSP Regional Centre, Islamabad. A total of sixty young male Sprague Dawley rats were taken and divided equally in two groups [n= 30 in each], Group-A control, Group-B experimental. Experimental group was kept in restrainer for 24 hours continuously, one rat per restrainer separately. At the end of the experiment, all the animals of both groups A and B were anesthetized and sacrificed for the removal of cerebellum, which was fixed in 10% formaline. Histological evaluation of Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections, was done to record data, observed in the central folium of the vermal cerebellar cortex, in a specified area in front of the fissura prima. Results of experimental animals were compared with controls. Significant decrease in cell count [P< 0.05] and cell size [P< 0.05] was found in stressed group as compared with control. Increase in number of dark cells, thickness of vermal cercbellar cortex and molecular layer was observed in stressed animals but it was insignificant. The results of this study showed increased conversion of light towards dark Purkinje cells which ultimately died resulting in significant decrease, in total cell count under the effect of acute immobilization stress. Immobilization stress may cause injury to the ccrebellar neurons

Effects of acute immobilization stress on vermal cerebellar cortex of young male rats

The purpose of this study was to observe the morphological changes in vermal cerebellar cortex of young male rats with special reference to Perkinje cell after exposure to acute immobilization stress. An experimental study. Department of Anatomy CPSP Regional Centre, Islamabad, from August 2006 to July 2007. A total of sixty young male Sprague Dawley rats were taken and divided equally in two groups [n=30 in each] A= control B= experimental. Experimental group was kept in restrainer for 24 hours continuously, one rat per restrainer separately. At the end of the experiment, all the animals of both groups A and B were anesthetized and sacrificed for the removal of cerebellum, which was fixed in 10% farmalin. Histological evaluation of sections was done after staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin. The observations were recorded in the central folium of the vermal cerebellar cortex in a specified area i.e. in front of the fissura prima. Significant decrease in total cell count and cell size was found in experimental group as compared with control. Although increase in thickness of vermal cerebellar cortex and molecular layer was observed in stressed animals but no significant association was seen between experimental and control animals. Number of dark cells was found more in stressed animals as compared with control however it was insignificant. Immobilization stress can cause the neuronal injury